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Year 2019

duration 104 minute
Director Michael Winterbottom
Reviews Greed is a movie starring Sophie Cookson, Shirley Henderson, and Asa Butterfield. Satire about the world of the super-rich
Drama
Teddy is smary. Videos Learn more More Like This Drama, Thriller 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. 1 / 10 X A con artist masquerades a Russian nobility and attempts to seduce the wife of an American diplomat. Director: Erich von Stroheim Stars: Rudolph Christians, Miss DuPont, Maude George Biography History 8. 1 / 10 A film about the French general's youth and early military career. Abel Gance Albert Dieudonné, Vladimir Roudenko, Edmond Van Daële Romance The life of a man and woman together in a large, impersonal metropolis through their hopes, struggles and downfalls. King Vidor Eleanor Boardman, James Murray, Bert Roach War 7. 9 / 10 A young American soldier witnesses the horrors of the Great War. Directors: King Vidor, George W. Hill John Gilbert, Renée Adorée, Hobart Bosworth An aging doorman, after being fired from his prestigious job at a luxurious Hotel is forced to face the scorn of his friends, neighbours and society. F. W. Murnau Emil Jannings, Maly Delschaft, Max Hiller 7. 6 / 10 A group of oppressed factory workers go on strike in pre-revolutionary Russia. Sergei M. Eisenstein Grigoriy Aleksandrov, Maksim Shtraukh, Mikhail Gomorov Certificate: Passed 7. 8 / 10 The story of a poor young woman, separated by prejudice from her husband and baby, is interwoven with tales of intolerance from throughout history. D. Griffith Lillian Gish, Robert Harron, Mae Marsh 7. 4 / 10 Sisif, a railwayman, and his son Elie fall in love with the beautiful Norma (who Sisif rescued from a train crash when a baby and raised as his daughter) with tragic results. Originally. See full summary  » Gabriel de Gravone, Pierre Magnier, Georges Térof A frail waif, abused by her brutal boxer father in London's seedy Limehouse District, is befriended by a sensitive Chinese immigrant with tragic consequences. Richard Barthelmess, Donald Crisp 7. 5 / 10 A young impoverished aristocrat falls in love with an inn-keepers daughter, but has to marry money. Erich von Stroheim, Fay Wray, Zasu Pitts Western A frail young woman from the east moves in with her cousin in the west, where she causes tension within the family and is slowly driven mad. Victor Sjöström Lars Hanson, Montagu Love Comedy A man returns to his Appalachian homestead. On the trip, he falls for a young woman. The only problem is her family has vowed to kill every member of his family. John G. Blystone, Buster Keaton Buster Keaton, Natalie Talmadge, Joe Keaton Edit Storyline John McTeague was a simple slow man who became a dentist after working at the Big Dipper Gold Mine. He is now being hunted in Death Valley by his ex-best friend Marcus and the law. His lot was cast the day that he meet his future wife Trina in his office. She was with Marcus and she bought a lottery ticket. Well Mac fell for her and Marcus stepped aside. When Mac and Trina married, she won the Lottery for 5000 and became obsessive about the money in gold. Marcus is steamed as he stepped aside and now she is rich so he has the law shut down Mac as he has no official schooling for his dentistry. Trina fearful that they will take her gold away sells everything and takes all Mac earns when he is working. She adds to her stash of gold as they both live as paupers. When Mac has no job and no money, he leaves and Trina moves. Driven to desperation at being poor and hungry he finds Trina and demands the gold. Written by Tony Fontana <> Plot Summary Plot Synopsis Details Release Date: 26 January 1925 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Greedy Wives Box Office Budget: 546, 883 (estimated) See more on IMDbPro  » Company Credits Technical Specs Runtime: 140 min 239 min (1999 reconstructed) 130 min (original) See full technical specs  » Did You Know? Trivia Due to the heat in Death Valley the cameras had to be wrapped in iced towels. See more » Goofs After Marcus breaks McTeague's pipe and throws a knife at him, men pull McTeague's tie off as they hold him back. The tie is back in place a moment later as McTeague rushes out of the saloon. See more » Quotes McTeague: after Trina pockets his 1 and buys a 15 cent old mutton chop] Where's my change? Trina: It takes money to live, Mac. See more » Alternate Versions Version 6, 10 reels (circa 3, 000 meters) edited by Joseph Farnham acting on orders from Irving Thalberg, regardless of the "McTeague" novel or the script. This final version was released by MGM with a runtime of 2 h 15 m. See more » Connections Referenced in Frank Capra's American Dream  (1997) See more ».

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Roger Ebert December 12, 1999 Erich von Stroheim's "Greed" 1925) like the Venus de Milo, is acclaimed as a classic despite missing several parts deemed essential by its creator. Its unhappy history is well known. Von Stroheim's original film was more than nine hours long. After it was cut, cut and cut again, it was released at about 140 minutes, in a version that he disowned- and that inspired a fistfight with Louis B. Mayer. It is this version that is often voted one of the greatest films of all time. The inspiration for "Greed" was McTeague, a novel by Frank Norris about the rough, simple son of a drunken miner, who learns dentistry from a quack, moves to San Francisco, marries a woman who is a miser and ends up in Death Valley next to the body of his rival for the woman and her lottery winnings. It was a bleak and sardonic story for the Roaring '20s, and neither Mayer nor his new MGM partner, Irving Thalberg, thought the public wanted it- not at nine-plus hours, certainly. Advertisement For von Stroheim, a martinet who affected the dress, bearing and monocle of a Prussian officer, their opposition was like a curse that followed him. At Universal, where Thalberg was then employed, von Stroheim's "Foolish Wives" 1922) was cut by a third, and Thalberg fired him from his next film, Merry-Go-Round. He fled to MGM to make "Greed, which cost 750, 000 and took a year to shoot, only to have Thalberg catch up with him there and demand more cuts. No one now alive has seen the original version, but a San Francisco drama critic named Idwal Jones was present at its first studio screening, which began at 10 a. m. and continued without breaks for lunch or anything else, von Stroheim sitting ramrod straight through the whole thing as an example to the others. Jones was a friend of the director's, but his account of that experience does not inspire our envy. He liked the individual parts well enough; it was just that there were so many of them: Every episode is developed to the full, every comma of the book put in, as it were. He noted that von Stroheim "worships realism like an abstract ideal; worships it more, and suffers more in its achievement, than other men do for wealth or fame. " Indeed the film is realistic. Opening scenes were shot in the very gold mine that Norris wrote about; it was reopened for the movie. The San Francisco dentist's office was not a set but a real second-floor office, which still exists. Von Stroheim could have shot his desert scenes outside Palm Springs, but insisted on shooting in the 120-degree heat of Death Valley itself; the camera had to be cooled with iced towels. Some of his crew mutinied and others complained. Von Stroheim slept with his pistol, and as his two actors engaged in their death struggle he screamed: Fight! Fight! Try to hate each other as you hate me! These memories and others are recalled in a book about von Stroheim by Thomas Quinn Curtis, a longtime friend of the director's, who until fairly recent years was the Paris Herald-Tribune's film critic. He recalls lunching one day in Paris with Louis B. Mayer, who told him the story of his fight with von Stroheim. That evening, Curtis had dinner with the director, who said, That's entirely accurate. Their fight began when von Stroheim took up his gloves to stalk out of the mogul's office. "I suppose you consider me rabble. Mayer said. "Not even that. said von Stroheim. Mayer struck him so hard that von Stroheim fell out through the office door and onto the floor, still clutching gloves and cane. "You see, my hands were occupied. he told Mayer's secretary. Why were their tempers so inflamed? Partly because in Mayer's view a fortune had been squandered on an unreleasable picture. But also because the film's view of human nature was so sour and cynical. McTeague (Gibson Gowland) is a quack who first falls in love with Trina (Zasu Pitts) after chloroforming her in his chair, then leaning over her to inhale the perfume of her hair. Trina is a miser who begrudges her man a five-cent bus fare on a rainy day, and polishes her coins until they glisten. Trina's original suitor Marcus (Jean Hersholt, of the humanitarian award) essentially gives her to McTeague, then wants her back after she wins a lottery. And there is a good possibility that McTeague and Trina engage in premarital sex, which was scandalous in 1925. (Much depends on a title card that says, Please! Oh, please. Does she mean please do, or please don't? missing seven hours of "Greed" have been called the Holy Grail of the cinema. Apparently they were destroyed to extract the silver nitrate used in their manufacture. The movie that remained had a decent run in the 1920s, and was later restored by silent film historian Kevin Brownlow; it is that version that is considered a masterpiece. Now an ambitious new approach has been made to the material by the film restorer Rick Schmidlin, who discovered a trove of original production stills and a copy of von Stroheim's long-lost 330-page original shooting script. He has taken that material and edited it together with the surviving footage to produce a four-hour version that premiered on the TCM channel and will be available on video. Comparing the two versions, we can see how not only length but also prudish sensibilities went into MGM's chop job. Early in their relationship, McTeague and Trina take the interurban train out into the countryside. As they're standing at the station, Trina's title card in the shortened MGM version reads, This is the first day it hasn't rained in weeks. I thought it would be nice to go for a walk. In Schmidlin's reconstruction from the shooting script, it reads: Let's go over and sit on the sewer. and so they do, perching on a manhole cover. original version of "Greed" is perhaps a masterpiece more lamented than missed; there is a point after which an audience will simply not sit still. Even von Stroheim's friend Jones wondered if it could be shown "on the installment plan. and muses about how "German professors sit for years before they develop sitzfleish. loosely translated as iron rumps. My own feeling, having seen both versions, is that movie lovers will want to begin with the familiar 140-minute film (which after all is a great experience) and then, if their curiosity is aroused, look at Schmidlin's version to get an idea of all they have missed. surviving "Greed" is an uncompromising exercise in naturalism, capturing the rough working-class lives of the new U. S. cities, where saloons doubled as living rooms. And there is a real poignancy in the plight of McTeague, who may by the end be a double murderer but is essentially a gentle, simpleminded soul. One of the scenes cut out by MGM is reconstructed by Schmidlin; it shows McTeague buying theater tickets for his engagement party. He wants the tickets on the right side of the theater. "As you face the stage, or the audience. asks the ticket seller. "The side away from the drums. says McTeague, confused, and after he becomes convinced the man is toying with him, he explodes. Here is a man who only wants to be a dentist and inhale Trina's lovely fragrance, and his bones end up in Death Valley. His last act is to set free his pet canary, which flutters a little, and dies. No wonder Mayer and Thalberg thought the Jazz Age wasn't ready for this film. Reveal Comments comments powered by.

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Green fire movie. Greed full movie. Great work Paul, keep it up! I think ease of existence and moral education are also factors. In Australia certain poor communities are handed welfare payments unconditionally and education is often skipped. This leads to very lazy and immoral people addicted to drugs, alcohol and tobacco to the point where they are seriously neglecting, starving and abusing their own children daily. They are violent to others and destructive to the environment with no regard for anyone but themselves. Obviously this stems from colonization related injustices imposed on their ancestors but it is clear to see that ease of existence and lack of education are the main contributing factors. Unfortunately the world is run based on profit and loss as most governments receive funding from big business thus are inclined to tow the line. Until political campaigns are evenly/fairly funded with full disclosure we will never improve as a race. When you are poor or sick (speaking from experience) it brings you closer to God. As stated, many virtuous qualities grow stronger when your doing it tough. That's why when times are good its important to bring yourself to account each day, practice using virtues daily and always strive for Justice.

Greek free movies. Good cartoon who ever did this art work is a genius. I love the song. Greed Free movie page imdb. Greed free movie downloads. He is so well spoken. Greed Free movie. 16:57 is what I say when my sister's friend asks me for some of my money. America psycho lol. Greed Theatrical release poster Directed by Erich von Stroheim Produced by Erich von Stroheim Abe Lehr Irving Thalberg Written by Erich von Stroheim Contractually credited: June Mathis Based on McTeague by Frank Norris Starring Gibson Gowland ZaSu Pitts Jean Hersholt Music by William Axt Cinematography Ben F. Reynolds William H. Daniels Edited by Erich von Stroheim and Frank Hull (42- reel and 24-reel versions) Rex Ingram and Grant Whytock (18-reel version) June Mathis and Joseph W. Farnham (10-reel version) Production company The Goldwyn Company–Metro-Goldwyn Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Release date December 4, 1924 Running time 462 minutes (original cut) 140 minutes (original release) 239 minutes (reconstruction) Country United States Language Silent film English intertitles Budget 665, 603 Box office 274, 827 Greed is a 1924 American silent film, written and directed by Erich von Stroheim and based on the 1899 Frank Norris novel McTeague. It stars Gibson Gowland as Dr. John McTeague, ZaSu Pitts as Trina Sieppe, his wife, and Jean Hersholt as McTeague's friend and eventual enemy Marcus Schouler. The film tells the story of McTeague, a San Francisco dentist, who marries his best friend Schouler's girlfriend Trina. Greed was one of the few films of its time to be shot entirely on location, with Stroheim shooting approximately 85 hours of footage before editing. Two months alone were spent shooting in Death Valley for the film's final sequence, and many of the cast and crew became ill. Stroheim used sophisticated filming techniques such as deep-focus cinematography and montage editing. He considered Greed to be a Greek tragedy, in which environment and heredity controlled the characters' fates and reduced them to primitive bêtes humaines (human beasts) a naturalistic concept in the vein of Zola. During editing on Greed, the production company merged into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, putting Irving Thalberg in charge of the film's post-production. Thalberg had fired Stroheim a few years earlier at Universal Pictures. Originally almost eight hours long, Greed was edited against Stroheim's wishes to about two-and-a-half hours. Only twelve people saw the full-length 42-reel version, now lost; some of them called it the greatest film ever made. Stroheim later called Greed his most fully realized work and was hurt both professionally and personally by the studio's re-editing of it. [1] The uncut version has been called the "holy grail" for film archivists, amid repeated false claims of the discovery of the missing footage. In 1999, Turner Entertainment created a four-hour version of Greed that used existing stills of cut scenes to reconstruct the film. Greed was a critical and financial failure upon its initial release, but, by the 1950s, it began to be regarded as one of the greatest films ever made; filmmakers and scholars have noted its influence on subsequent films. Plot summary [ edit] I never truckled, I never took off the hat to fashion and held it out for pennies. By God, I told them the truth. They liked it or they didn't like it. What had that to do with me? I told them the truth; I knew it for the truth then and I know it for the truth now. —Frank Norris, quoted from his essay "The True Reward of the Novelist" in a title card at the beginning of Greed. [2] John McTeague is a miner working in Placer County, California. A traveling dentist calling himself Dr. "Painless" Potter visits the town, and McTeague's mother begs Potter to take her son on as an apprentice. Potter agrees and McTeague eventually becomes a dentist, practicing on Polk Street in San Francisco. Marcus Schouler brings Trina Sieppe, his cousin and intended fiancée, into McTeague's office for dental work. Schouler and McTeague are friends and McTeague gladly agrees to examine her. As they wait for an opening, Trina buys a lottery ticket. McTeague becomes enamored with Trina and begs Schouler for permission to court Trina. After seeing McTeague's conviction, Schouler agrees. Trina eventually agrees to marry McTeague and shortly afterwards her lottery ticket wins her 5, 000. [a] Schouler bitterly claims that the money should have been his, causing a rift between McTeague and Schouler. After McTeague and Trina wed, they continue to live in their small apartment with Trina refusing to spend her 5, 000. Trina and McTeague have a relationship that moves from romance to tragedy. Schouler leaves the city to become a cattle rancher. Before he goes, he secretly, in order to ruin his former friend, reports McTeague for practicing dentistry without a license. McTeague is ordered to shut down his practice or face jail. Even though she has saved over 200 in addition to the original 5, 000 from the lottery ticket, Trina is unwilling to spend her money. Money becomes increasingly scarce, with the couple forced to sell their possessions. McTeague finally snaps and bites Trina's fingers in a fit of rage. Later, he goes fishing to earn money, taking Trina's savings (now totaling 450. Trina's bitten fingers become infected and have to be amputated. To earn money she becomes a janitor at a children's school. She withdraws the 5, 000 from the bank to keep it close to her, eventually spreading it on her bed so she can sleep on it. McTeague then returns, having spent the money he took, and asks Trina for more. The following day McTeague confronts Trina at the school. After a heated argument McTeague beats Trina to death and steals her 5, 000. Now an outlaw, McTeague returns to Placer County and teams up with a prospector named Cribbens. Headed towards Death Valley, they find a large quantity of quartz and plan to become millionaires. Before they can begin mining, McTeague senses danger and flees into Death Valley with a single horse, the remaining money and one water jug. Several marshals pursue him, joined by Schouler. Schouler wants to catch McTeague personally and rides into Death Valley alone. The oppressive heat slows McTeague's progress. Schouler's progress is also beginning to wane when he spies McTeague and moves in to arrest him. After a confrontation, McTeague's horse bolts and Schouler shoots it, puncturing the water container. The water spills onto the desert floor. The pair fight one last time, with McTeague proving the victor; however, Schouler has handcuffed himself to McTeague. The film ends with McTeague left in the desert with no horse and no water, handcuffed to a corpse and unable to reach the remaining money. Sub-plots [ edit] Von Stroheim's original edit contained two main sub-plots that were later cut. The point of these sub-plots was to contrast two possible outcomes of Trina and McTeague's life together. The first depicted the lives of the junkman Zerkow and Maria Miranda Macapa, the young Mexican woman who collects junk for Zerkow and sold Trina the lottery ticket. Maria often talks about her imaginary solid gold dining set with Zerkow, who becomes obsessed by it. Eventually, believing she has riches hidden away, Zerkow marries her. He often asks about it, but she gives a different answer each time he mentions it. Zerkow does not believe her and becomes obsessed with prying the truth from her. He murders her and after having lost his mind, leaps into San Francisco Bay. The second sub-plot depicts the lives of Charles W. Grannis and Miss Anastasia Baker. Grannis and Baker are two elderly boarders who share adjoining rooms in the apartment complex where Trina and McTeague live. Throughout their time at the apartment complex, they have not met. They both sit close to their adjoining wall and listen to the other for company, so they know almost everything about each other. They finally meet and cannot hide their long-time feelings for each other. When they reveal their love, Grannis admits he has 5, 000, making him just as rich as Trina. But this makes little difference to them. Eventually, they marry and a door connects their rooms. Cast [ edit] Gibson Gowland as Dr. John McTeague, a dentist ZaSu Pitts as Trina Sieppe, McTeague's wife Jean Hersholt as Marcus Schouler, McTeague's friend Prologue Jack Curtis as McTeague's father Tempe Pigott as McTeague's mother Florence Gibson as a hag Erich von Ritzau as Dr. 'Painless' Potter, a travelling dentist Sieppe Family Chester Conklin as Hans 'Popper' Sieppe, Trina's father Silvia Ashton as 'Mommer' Sieppe, Trina's mother Austen Jewell as August Sieppe, Trina's younger brother Oscar Gottell as Max Sieppe, Trina's younger brother Otto Gottell as Moritz Sieppe, Trina's younger brother Joan Standing as Selina, Trina's cousin Max Tyron as Uncle Rudolph Oelbermann, Trina's uncle Subplots Dale Fuller as Maria Miranda Macapa, Zerkow's wife Cesare Gravina as Zerkow, a junkman Frank Hayes as Charles W. Grannis, proprietor of the Modern Dog Hospital Fanny Midgley as Miss Anastasia Baker, Grannis' neighbor and later wife Friends and Neighbors at Polk Street Hughie Mack as Mr. Heise, the harness maker E. 'Tiny' Jones as Mrs. Heise J. Aldrich Libbey as Mr. Ryer Reta Revela as Mrs. Ryer S. S. Simon as Joe Frenna Hugh J. McCauley as the photographer William Mollenhauer as the palmist Others William Barlow as the Minister Lon Poff as the man from the lottery company James F. Fulton as Cribbens, a prospector James Gibson as a Deputy Jack McDonald as the sheriff of Placer County Erich von Stroheim as the balloon vendor [3] Production [ edit] I intended to show men and women as they are all over the world, none of them perfect, with their good and bad qualities, their noble and idealistic sides and their jealous, vicious, mean and greedy sides. I was not going to compromise. I felt that after the last war, the motion picture going public had tired of the cinematographic 'chocolate éclairs' which had been stuffed down their throats and which had in a large degree figuratively ruined their stomachs with this overdose of Saccharose in pictures. Now, I felt, they were ready for a large bowl of plebeian but honest corned beef and cabbage. —Erich von Stroheim. [4] Background and writing [ edit] Greed is based on the American author Frank Norris 's 1899 novel McTeague: A Story of San Francisco. Stroheim's interest in McTeague can be traced back to January 1920, when he told a journalist that he wanted to film the novel. [5] He had lived in San Francisco in the early 1910s, living there in poverty like that of the story's characters. [6] He eventually moved to Los Angeles, and worked his way up in the film industry from extra to acting in villainous or aristocratic roles in films [7] By 1919, Stroheim had finally become a successful director in his own right at Universal Film Manufacturing Company, although one with a reputation of going over budget and over schedule. [8] Upon the appointment of Irving Thalberg as general manager at Universal, Stroheim's defiance of commercial and industrial norms was no longer tolerated. After Thalberg's prior shutdown of Foolish Wives in 1921 (which had been shooting nonstop for eleven months) and after six weeks of filming on Merry-Go-Round, Stroheim was finally fired from the studio on October 6, 1922. This was a step unprecedented in Hollywood, heralding a new era in which the producer and the studio would hold artistic control over actors and directors. [9] However, by this time Stroheim had received several offers of contracts with other studios, even before being fired from Universal. He had met with executives of the Goldwyn Company on September 14, 1922, less than a month before, and he formally signed with them in late November. [10] Erich von Stroheim in 1920, the year he first publicly expressed interest in adapting the novel McTeague Stroheim chose his new studio because of the level of artistic freedom he was offered, which he had been denied at Universal under Thalberg. Since March of that year, Goldwyn had been run by Abe Lehr, who publicly promised that "each director will have his own staff and will be given every facility in putting into production his own individuality and personality. 5] Stroheim signed a one-year, three-feature deal with Goldwyn on November 20, 1922. The deal stipulated that each feature would be between 4, 500 and 8, 500 feet (1, 400 and 2, 600 m) long, 11] cost no more than 175, 000 and be completed in fourteen weeks. It also promised von Stroheim 30, 000 for each completed film. [12] Lehr initially hired Stroheim in order to film a big-budget version of the operetta The Merry Widow, which the producer saw as a guaranteed hit; Stroheim, however, convinced Lehr to let him make Greed first, promising low costs. [13] A press release of February 1923 said that although Stroheim had "run rather freely to large sets in the past, he] seems to have reformed—or surrendered—for it is announced that he will not build any sets at all. 13] Stroheim wrote a highly detailed 300-page script that contained camera movements, composition and tint cues. [14] Among the changes that he made to Norris's novel was giving McTeague the first name of John and omitting Norris's anti-Semitism. [15] McTeague had been filmed once before as Life's Whirlpool, a five-reel short by William A. Brady 's World Pictures, starring Broadway star Holbrook Blinn as McTeague, which had been released in 1916. [6] Film critics disliked this version and Stroheim later criticized Blinn's performance. [16] According to film historian Kevin Brownlow, Life's Whirlpool was also shot on location in Death Valley. [17] Stroheim was known for his meticulous perfectionism and attention to detail, 18] as well as his insolence towards studio executives. [19] Working on Greed, Stroheim set out to make a realistic film about everyday people and rejected the Hollywood tropes of glamor, happy endings and upper-class characters. [20] Before shooting began, Stroheim told a reporter: It is possible to tell a great story in motion pictures in such a way that the spectator forgets he is looking at beauteous Gertie Gefelta, the producer's pet and discovers himself intensely interested, just as if he were looking out of a window at life itself. He will come to believe that what he is gazing at is real—a cameraman was present in the household and nobody knew it. They went on in their daily life with their joys, fun and tragedies and the camera stole it all, holding it up afterward for all to see. [21] In early January 1923 Stroheim arrived in San Francisco, where he scouted locations and finished writing the shooting script. While researching for Greed, he attended society functions in town and met many friends of Frank Norris, including his brother Charles and his sister-in-law Kathleen. [22] To capture the authentic spirit of the story, Stroheim insisted on filming on location in San Francisco, the Sierra Nevada mountains, the Big Dipper Mine in Iowa Hill, 23] and Death Valley. [24] He rented some of the actual buildings that had inspired scenes in the novel. [25] Other locations included Cliff House and San Francisco Bay. [14] Norris had similarly scouted settings for his novel and chose the upstairs of a building on the corner of Polk and California street as McTeague's dentist office, as well as many of the saloons and lunch counters in the area. [26] Stroheim discovered that many of the locations that Norris had described, such as Polk Street, had been destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but he was able to find suitable period locations on Hayes and Laguna streets. [27] For authenticity, Stroheim had no sets built in San Francisco and only redecorated existing locations, such as saloons, butcher shops, and wooden shacks, thus saving on construction costs. [14] Despite the strict conditions of Stroheim's initial contract, Goldwyn approved the lengthy shooting script before filming began. Production Manager J. J. Cohn later explained that "they thought they could control him when the time comes. 28] Casting [ edit] Scene of the film Souls for Sale, showing Stroheim directing Jean Hersholt in a screen test for Greed. With the exception of Jean Hersholt, all of the main actors in Greed were regulars of Stroheim's earlier films, a group dubbed the "Stroheim Stock Company. 29] Gibson Gowland had previously appeared in Blind Husbands and returned to the U. from Scotland for the role of John McTeague. Cesare Gravina, who played the junkman Zerkow, and Dale Fuller, the lottery-ticket seller Maria, had both appeared in Foolish Wives and would later appear in The Merry Widow. Other actors in Stroheim's Stock Company included Sidney Bracey, Mae Busch, George Fawcett, Maude George, Hughie Mack and George Nichols. [29] Trina was the most difficult role to cast, and ZaSu Pitts was hired at the last minute, 14] after Stroheim had rejected both Claire Windsor and Colleen Moore. [30] Pitts had previously acted only in comedic roles; Greed was her first dramatic part. The actress later appeared in both The Wedding March and Hello, Sister! Stroheim said that Pitts was "the greatest psychopathological actress in the American cinema" and that "she should not be in comedy, for she is the greatest of all tragediennes. 31] Stroheim had met casually with Jean Hersholt to discuss the role of Marcus Schouler, but he was initially reluctant to cast him. However, after Hersholt adjusted his appearance and wardrobe to more closely resemble Schouler, Stroheim changed his mind on the spot. [32] With the exception of Gowland, Stroheim shot extensive screen tests of all the other actors at Goldwyn with cinematographer Paul Ivano. [33] A scene from the Goldwyn film Souls for Sale is thought to be behind-the-scenes footage of Stroheim directing Greed, but it actually depicts him directing Hersholt during one of these screen tests. [34] Filming [ edit] Filming began in San Francisco on March 13, 1923, 27] and lasted until late June. [35] Despite the initial contract between von Stroheim and Goldwyn, Lehr agreed to double the film's budget to 347, 000 three days after shooting began. [36] Von Stroheim had already worked twenty-hour days for over two months of pre-production and collapsed on set after a few days of filming. He remained in good health for the remainder of the shoot. [27] This was not the only mishap on set; during scenes shot at San Francisco Bay, Cesare Gravina got double pneumonia, making von Stroheim bitterly ashamed that Gravina's entire performance was later cut from the film, despite the actor's dedication to the role. [37] Hersholt was knocked out by Gowland during the picnic scene (later cut) in which McTeague and Schouler fight, and Pitts was almost run over by a trolley. [38] In late May, Lehr visited von Stroheim on the set and praised the footage that he had seen, saying that "it has atmosphere, color and realism that could not possibly have been reproduced in the studio. 35] One scene that von Stroheim re-shot at the studio's insistence depicted a younger McTeague in his apprenticeship with Potter. In the scene McTeague is too embarrassed to examine the teeth of a young woman and Potter has to take over. A thinly disguised ZaSu Pitts portrayed the woman so that the audience would see a resemblance to Trina, but the studio insisted that the scene was confusing and von Stroheim agreed to re-shoot it. [35] Von Stroheim also conceded his original vision when shooting the bar confrontation between McTeague and Schouler. The director wanted to have a knife thrower actually throw a real knife at Gibson Gowland's head. Von Stroheim was overruled by Gowland himself, who refused to allow such a dangerous stunt. A special-effect shot was used instead. [39] The Death Valley scenes, including this final sequence, were filmed over two months during midsummer, in harsh conditions. After filming in San Francisco wrapped in late June, the production traveled to Death Valley. Most Hollywood films that required desert scenes settled for the local Oxnard dunes north of Los Angeles, but von Stroheim insisted on authenticity. [21] Death Valley had no roads, hotels, gas stations or running water and was occupied by tarantulas, scorpions and venomous snakes. The nearest populated area to the shoot was 100 miles (160 km) away and insurance coverage was denied. [40] Filming in Death Valley lasted for two months during midsummer, allowing actors Gowland and Hersholt time to grow the beards necessary for the sequence. [41] Some members of the production reported temperatures between 91 and 161 F (33 and 72 C) but the highest temperature officially recorded in Death Valley during the period was 123 F (51 C. 42] Of the 43 members of the cast and crew who worked on the Death Valley sequence, 14 became ill and were sent back to Los Angeles. [43] While shooting, crew members would collapse of heat exhaustion every day. Hersholt spent a week in the hospital after shooting was completed, suffering from internal bleeding. [40] Hersholt claimed to have lost 27 pounds (12 kg. 43] and was covered in blisters by the end of filming. Despite the hardship Hersholt said that he considered it the best role of his career. [44] In order to motivate Hersholt and Gibson during the scene where they fight, von Stroheim yelled at them, Fight, fight! Try to hate each other as you both hate me. 44] Throughout filming, von Stroheim brought musicians on set to help create mood for the actors. He continued to use this for the Death Valley scenes with a harmonium and violin player. [45] A theme, inspired by the music of Ruggero Leoncavallo, was composed and played throughout production. Other music used included the popular songs " Nearer, My God, to Thee. Hearts and Flowers. Oh Promise Me. and "Call Me Thine Own. 46] Filming moved to Placer County, California on September 13 and continued for less than a month. The Big Dipper Mine had been closed for ten years, so von Stroheim convinced the Goldwyn Company to lease and renovate it for filming. While first visiting Placer County during pre-production, von Stroheim had met Harold Henderson, a local resident and fan of Norris whose brother had worked in the mine in the 1890s. Von Stroheim hired Henderson to oversee the renovation of the mine and other locations in Iowa Hill. Von Stroheim also wanted to restore the local cemetery for a newly invented scene depicting McTeague's mother's funeral, but the Goldwyn Company turned down this proposal. Inside the mine, von Stroheim usually shot at night between 9 pm and 6 am. [47] Cinematographer William H. Daniels later said that von Stroheim insisted on descending 3, 000 feet (900 m) underground for realism, even though the setting would have looked exactly the same at 100 feet (30 m. 48] Filming was completed on October 6, 1923, 14] after 198 days. [49] Despite his original contract stipulating that all films be under 8, 500 feet (2, 600 m) von Stroheim shot a total of 446, 103 feet (135, 972 m) of footage for the film, running approximately 85 hours. [50] Style [ edit] The wedding scene made innovative use of deep-focus cinematography, despite challenges with the lighting. Stroheim's biographer Arthur Lennig compared the director's visual style to that of pioneering filmmaker D. W. Griffith, but felt that "unlike Griffith, who viewed scenes as though through a fourth wall, Stroheim shot from many sides and from different angles; he also used deep-focus, meaningful foregrounds and effective camera movement. 51] Greed ' s lighting included high contrast, chiaroscuro techniques with pools or shafts of lights illuminating an otherwise dark space. Examples of this technique include the scene where McTeague begs Trina for money in a pool of moonlight and the merry-go-round scene in which characters alternate between appearing only as dark silhouettes and being fully lit. [52] Daniels was especially proud of the wedding scene, which has a funeral procession visible through the window and was difficult to light properly. [53] Greed has often been praised for its use of deep-focus cinematography, seventeen years before its more-famous application in Citizen Kane. [54] Daniels sometimes used incandescent lights instead of studio arc lights, due to the constraints of his locations. [55] He later said that Stroheim "was one of the first to insist on no make-up for men, on real paint on the walls which were shiny, real glass in the windows, pure white on sets and in costumes. everything up to then had been painted a dull brown" to mask the scratches on worn-down film prints. [56] Although not officially credited, Ernest B. Schoedsack worked on the picture as a camera operator. [57] Stroheim favored "Soviet-style" montage editing. Greed often uses dramatic close-ups and cuts instead of long takes. One exception to this is the scene in which Schouler becomes angry with McTeague and breaks his pipe, which was shot in one long, unbroken take. Stroheim also used symbolic cross-cutting for dramatic effect, such as his use of animals in the film and a shot of a train when McTeague and Trina first kiss. [58] In 1932 film theorist Andrew Buchanan called Stroheim a montage director, stating that "each observation would be captured in a 'close-up' and at leisure, he would assemble his 'shots' in just the order which would most forcibly illustrate the fact. 59] In the 1950s film critic André Bazin praised Stroheim's use of mise en scène and noted his "one simple rule for directing. Take a close look at the world, keep on doing so and in the end it will lay bare for you all its cruelty and ugliness. 59] Despite Stroheim's reputation as a perfectionist, Greed contains anachronisms. In the scenes on Polk Street, the main characters are clothed in 1890s fashions, but the extras wear 1920s clothing. Stroheim did his best to avoid such historical mistakes; he shot only those buildings that were from the era Greed was set in, and he kept motor vehicles out of sight while filming. Daniels stated that, despite his desire for authenticity, Stroheim sometimes had walls knocked out of real locations to achieve a desired camera position. [60] Themes [ edit] Frank Norris's novel belongs to the literary school of naturalism founded by French author Émile Zola. [61] McTeague depicts the fate of its lower-class characters in terms of heredity and their environment, 62] with the belief that "man's nature, despite free will, is determined by genetic and environmental factors" 61] and that heredity controls fate, despite efforts at upward mobility. [63] This literary style was influenced by Charles Darwin and portrayed characters whose higher states of being, the rational and compassionate, are in conflict with their lower states, the bête humaine (human beast. 63] McTeague was first published in 1899 and was inspired by an October 1893 murder case in which Patrick Collins, a poor husband with a history of beating his wife Sarah, finally stole her money and stabbed her to death at her San Francisco workplace. Sarah Collins worked at the Lest Norris kindergarten, which was financed by Norris's family. [6] 64] Von Stroheim did not see Greed as political and told a journalist that he considered it to be like a Greek tragedy. Despite the characters' struggles with poverty and class, von Stroheim followed the naturalist technique of portraying characters whose lives are driven by fate and their inner nature. Von Stroheim employed variations of this theme in his other films, which often involved a commoner falling in love with an aristocrat or royal. [38] In the wedding banquet scene, Trina's mother grotesquely devours her food. One of the cinematic techniques by which von Stroheim portrayed naturalism was animal symbolism. [65] In Greed McTeague is associated with a canary, only briefly mentioned in the novel. [66] Von Stroheim altered Norris's original ending and has McTeague release the canary in Death Valley. [67] McTeague buys Trina a female canary as a wedding gift and early in their marriage von Stroheim cuts from a shot of them kissing to birds fluttering wildly in their cage. [68] Another scene with animal imagery includes cross-cutting between a cat attempting to pounce on the canaries in the scene where Schouler bids goodbye to McTeague and Trina without telling them that he has informed on McTeague. [66] Dogs, cats and monkeys are associated with various supporting characters. [65] Von Stroheim also used the naturalist technique of giving characters specific objects, gestures or phrases that repeat throughout the film as a visual leitmotif. For example, Trina tugs on her lips and McTeague fiddles with his birdcage. [69] Throughout his career von Stroheim used grotesque imagery and characters. This is most apparent in the wedding-banquet scene, which includes a midget, a hunchback, a woman with buck teeth and a boy on crutches. [70] The wedding guests violently and crudely devour their meal like animals. This scene was unlike any other in films of that period, which treated meals with dignity and a sense of communion. [71] Other instances of grotesque imagery include Trina's fingers becoming infected and amputated. [72] Von Stroheim contrasted love scenes between McTeague and Trina with their ugly, lower-class environment, such as the sewer with the dead rat and a garbage truck driving by as they kiss. [73] As in his other films, von Stroheim used Christian imagery and symbols, such as crosses and churches. [74] Trina first shows signs of greed on Easter Sunday and is murdered by McTeague on Christmas Eve. Christmas Eve was often depicted in von Stroheim's films and was close to the date of his father's death. [75] Lennig asserted that the character of McTeague's father (who was only briefly mentioned in the novel) is based on von Stroheim's own father, while McTeague's mother is a tribute to von Stroheim's mother, to whom Greed is dedicated. [76] Von Stroheim stated that he considered all of his good qualities to have come from his mother and all of his bad qualities to have come from his father. [77] Editing [ edit] Initial editing [ edit] Editing Greed took almost a year and von Stroheim's contract did not include payment for his post-production work. [78] He and his chief film cutter Frank Hull worked on the film for several months before completing a rough cut. [79] Von Stroheim was indecisive during editing. He felt restricted by his contract's limitation on the length of the film. [49] Von Stroheim colored certain scenes with gold tinting by using the Handschiegl Color Process, in which individual frames are hand colored with stencils. [80] Von Stroheim credited himself in the beginning titles with "Personally directed by Erich von Stroheim. 81] Other than studio personnel, only twelve people saw the original 42-reel [b] version of Greed at a special screening in January 1924; 24] they included Harry Carr, Rex Ingram, Aileen Pringle, Carmel Myers, Idwal Jones, Joseph Jackson, Jack Jungmeyer, Fritz Tidden, Welford Beaton, Valentine Mandelstam, and Jean Bertin. [82] After the screening Jones, Carr and Ingram all agreed that they had just seen the greatest film ever made and that it was unlikely that a better film would ever be made. [83] Carr wrote a review of the advance screening where he raved that he "saw a wonderful picture the other day—that no one else will ever see. I can't imagine what they are going to do with it. It is like Les Miserables. Episodes come along that you think have no bearing on the story, then 12 or 14 reels later it hits you with a crash. For stark, terrible realism and marvelous artistry, it is the greatest picture I have ever seen. But I don't know what it will be like when it shrinks to 8 reels. 84] Jonathan Rosenbaum suggested that Carr was most likely referring to a cut sequence early in the film that introduced all of the characters who lived in McTeague's building. The forty-minute scene depicted what the tenants did on a Saturday afternoon, and established cinematic atmosphere without furthering the plot. Rosenbaum compared the cut sequence to novels of the 19th century and to the first few hours of Jacques Rivette 's Out 1. [85] Jones publicly praised the advance screening and compared Greed to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and Dr. Mabuse the Gambler. [84] However, Welford Beaton of The Film Spectator disliked the 42-reel version and criticized its excessive use of close-ups. [84] Some scenes, like this one, were gold tinted by Von Stroheim himself, hand coloring individual frames with stencils. Many sources claim that the 42-reel version was only ever intended to be a rough cut, 84] and that Von Stroheim chose to cut it down to 24 reels by March 18, 1924, 21] 59] with the intention of screening it with intermissions over two nights. [40] The director had difficulty cutting the film down, telling his friend Don Ryan, I could take out sequences and thus get the job over in a day. That would be child's play. But I can't do it. It would leave gaps that could only be bridged through titles. When you do such a thing you have illustrated subtitles instead of a motion picture. 84] Von Stroheim later claimed that at this time the Goldwyn Company wanted him to shoot a scene of McTeague waking up in his dentist chair, showing the entire film to have been a bad dream. [84] While von Stroheim was editing the 24-reel cut June Mathis, who was the head of the Goldwyn Story Department, had made her own 13-reel version of Greed by January 21, 1924. She ordered even more cuts to be made on January 29, but then left for Rome in early February to oversee the production of Ben-Hur and was uninvolved in the film's editing for several months. [86] After having completed the 24-reel [c] cut of Greed, von Stroheim told Goldwyn executives that he could not cut another frame. [40] Goldwyn producers thought that this version was still too long and told him to cut it to a more manageable length. Von Stroheim then sent the film to his friend, director Rex Ingram, who turned it over to his editor, Grant Whytock. [40] Whytock had worked with von Stroheim on The Devil's Pass Key and was familiar with the director's style and tastes. Whytock initially proposed that it be split in two, with one 8-reel film ending with the wedding and a second 7-reel film ending at Death Valley. Whytock eventually cut the film down to 18 reels. [d] His only major cut was the entire subplot of Zerkow and Maria, which he thought was "very distasteful. 87] Otherwise he simply cut down scenes and cut out 1, 200 feet (400 m) of quick "flash" shots that only lasted a few frames. However, Whytock's version of Greed retained the prologue and other subplots, as well as much of the humor that was later cut out of it. [87] Whytock and Ingram screened their version of Greed to studio executives, who responded favorably to it but worried that the tragic ending would be hard to sell to the public. [86] Ingram then sent the 18-reel version to von Stroheim and told him, If you cut one more frame I shall never speak to you again. 88] On April 10, 1924, the Goldwyn Company officially agreed to merge with Metro Pictures, putting von Stroheim's nemesis Thalberg directly in charge of Greed. [89] Von Stroheim and Louis B. Mayer had a lengthy confrontation over the film's editing, which according to both men ended with von Stroheim claiming that all women were whores and Mayer punching him. [e] 91] Mayer disliked the film because of its lack of glamor, optimism or morality and considered it to be a guaranteed flop. [92] Studio editing [ edit] MGM executives screened Greed at full length once to meet contractual obligations. Idwal Jones, a San Francisco critic, attended the all-day screening and wrote that while some of the scenes were compelling, Stroheim's desire that "every comma of the book [be] put in" was ultimately negative. [93] MGM then took control and re-edited it. The studio ordered June Mathis to cut it down further; 94] she assigned the job to an editor named Joseph W. Farnham. Farnham was a well-known "titles editor" who patched scenes together using title cards to keep continuity. His contributions to Greed include the notorious title cards " Such was McTeague " and " Let's go over and sit on the sewer. which were snickered at for years. [95] Eventually Farnham reduced Greed to 10 reels, f] 96] totaling 10, 607 feet (3, 233 m. 3] Von Stroheim said that the film "was cut by a hack with nothing on his mind but his hat. 40] He later bitterly lamented that Greed was made before the financial success of Eugene O'Neill 's four-hour play Strange Interlude in 1928. [88] Von Stroheim angrily disowned the final version, blaming Mathis for destroying his masterpiece. [97] One week before Greed ' s release the New York State Motion Picture Committee (which censored films) demanded several more cuts on moral grounds. These cuts included the administration of ether in the dental scenes and certain instances of foul language. Although these cuts were made to prints that were screened in New York State, the footage was kept in many other prints. [95] Difference between von Stroheim's cut and MGM's cut [ edit] The main cuts to Greed were the elimination of its two sub-plots and other entire sequences, while individual scenes were often not touched. [98] 99] Commenting about the cuts made in the film to the Los Angeles Times, Thalberg stated: This whole story is about greed—a progressive greed. It is the story of the way greed grew in Trina's heart until it obsessed her. I found that the junk dealer's greed was so much greater than hers that it almost destroyed the theme. His intense greed drowned out Trina's greed just as a steam whistle drowns out a small street noise. Instead of hurting the picture, throwing out this junk dealer's story made the picture stronger. [100] Thalberg also stated that he "took no chances in cutting it. We took it around to different theaters in the suburbs, ran it at its enormous length, and then we took note of the places at which interest seemed to droop. 100] Individual scenes or sequences that were cut include McTeague and Trina's early, happy years of marriage, the sequence showing McTeague and Trina eventually moving into their shack, 99] the family life of the Sieppe family before Trina's marriage, the prologue depicting McTeague's mother and father at the Big Dipper mine and McTeague's apprenticeship. Other cuts included the more suggestive and sexual close-up shots depicting McTeague and Trina's physical attraction to each other, the scenes after McTeague has murdered Trina and roams around San Francisco and Placer County, additional footage of Death Valley, additional footage of Trina with her money, and a more gradual version of Trina's descent into greed and miserly obsession. [101] Reception [ edit] Release and critical reviews [ edit] Greed premiered on December 4, 1924 at the Cosmopolitan Theatre in Columbus Circle, New York City, which was owned by William Randolph Hearst. [82] Frank Norris had once worked for Hearst as a foreign correspondent during the Spanish–American War and Hearst praised Greed, calling it the greatest film he had ever seen. [102] Hearst's newspapers promoted the film, 95] but MGM did very little advertising. [24] At the time of the release von Stroheim was in Los Angeles, having begun production on The Merry Widow on December 1. [21] In May 1926 Greed was released in Berlin, where its premiere famously caused a riot at the theater that may have been instigated by members of the then-fledgling Nazi party. [80] Greed received mostly negative reviews. The trade paper Harrison's Report said that " i]f a contest were to be held to determine which has been the filthiest, vilest, most putrid picture in the history of the motion picture business, I am sure that Greed would win. 103] Variety Weekly called it "an out-and-out box office flop" only six days after its premiere and claimed that the film had taken two years to shoot, cost 700, 000 and was originally 130 reels long. [104] The review went on to say that "nothing more morbid and senseless, from a commercial picture standpoint, has been seen on the screen for a long, long time" and that despite its "excellent acting, fine direction and the undoubted power of its story. it does not entertain. 105] In its December 1924 – January 1925 issue, Exceptional Photoplays called it "one of the most uncompromising films ever shown on the screen. There have already been many criticisms of its brutality, its stark realism, its sordidness. But the point is that it was never intended to be a pleasant picture. 106] In the February 1925 issue of Theatre Magazine, Aileen St. John-Brenon wrote that "the persons in the photoplay are not characters, but types—they are well selected, weighed and completely drilled. But they did not act; they do not come to life. They perform their mission like so many uncouth images of miserliness and repugnant animalism. 105] Mordaunt Hall of the New York Times gave the film a mostly positive review in regards to the acting and directing while criticizing how it was edited, writing that MGM "clipped this production as much as they dared. and are to be congratulated on their efforts and the only pity is that they did not use the scissors more generously in the beginning. 107] In a Life Magazine article, Robert E. Sherwood also defended MGM's cutting of the film and called von Stroheim "a genius. badly in need of a stopwatch. 80] Iris Barry of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) disliked the tinting, saying "a not very pleasing yellow tinge is smudged in. 80] A March 1925 review in Pictureplay magazine stated, perhaps an American director would not have seen greed as a vice. 108] A more favorable review came from Richard Watts, Jr. of the New York Herald Tribune, who called Greed "the most important picture yet produced in America. It is the one picture of the season that can hold its own as a work of dramatic art worthy of comparison with such stage plays as What Price Glory? and Desire Under the Elms. 80] The April 20, 1925 edition of The Montreal Gazette claimed it "impresses as a powerful film" and described the "capacity audience" screening as "one of the few pictures which are as worthy of serious consideration. which offer a real and convincing study of life and character and that secure their ends by artistic and intellectual means rather than by writing down to the level of the groundlings. The review went on to describe the direction as "masterly" citing "its remarkable delineation of character development and the subtle touches which convey ideas through vision rather than the written word, an all too-rare employment of the possibilities of the cinema play as a distinct branch of art capable of truthful and convincing revelation and interpretation of life's realities. 109] A review in Exceptional Photoplays stated that "Mr. von Stroheim has always been the realist as Rex Ingram is the romanticist and Griffith the sentimentalist of the screen, and in Greed he has given us an example of realism at its starkest. Like the novel from which the plot was taken, Greed is a terrible and wonderful thing. 110] Box office [ edit] Greed was a financial disappointment. [24] On its initial run, it earned 224, 500 in the United States, 3, 063 in Canada and 47, 264 in other markets. In total it earned 274, 827. [111] Von Stroheim's biographer Arthur Lennig stated that according to MGM's records the final cost of Greed was 546, 883. [20] Another biographer, Richard Koszarski, stated that its final cost was 665, 603: 585, 250 for the production, 30, 000 for von Stroheim's personal fee, 54, 971 for processing and editing, 53, 654 for advertising and 1, 726 for Motion Picture dues. [111] Arthur Lennig asserted that MGM's official budget for Greed was suspiciously high for a film with no stars, no built sets, a small crew and inexpensive film stock. Lennig suspects that MGM averaged the film's cost with the more expensive The Merry Widow in order to prevent von Stroheim from getting a percentage of the more profitable film. [20] The Merry Widow ended up being a hit and earned more profits than Greed had lost; 112] it cost 614, 961 but earned 996, 226 on its initial run. [111] Legacy [ edit] In his final years, von Stroheim said that "of all my films, only Greed was a fully realized work; only Greed had a total validity. 113] In 1926 a British foundation of arts and sciences requested a copy of the original version of Greed to keep in their archive, but their request was denied by MGM. [114] Henri Langlois screened the studio version of Greed for von Stroheim in 1950. Von Stroheim said, It was for me an exhumation. It was like opening a coffin in which there was just dust, giving off a terrible stench, a couple of vertebra and a piece of shoulder bone. 1] He went on to say that "It was as if a man's beloved was run over by a truck, maimed beyond recognition. He goes to see her in the morgue. Of course, he still loves her but it's only the memory of her that he can love—because he doesn't recognize her anymore. 113] In the early 1950s Greed ' s reputation began to grow and it appeared on several lists of the greatest films ever made. In 1952 at the Festival Mondial du Film et des Beaux Arts de Belgique, Greed was named the fifth greatest film ever made, with such directors as Luchino Visconti, Orson Welles, Luis Buñuel and Billy Wilder voting for it. Later in 1952 Sight and Sound magazine published its first list of the "ten greatest films ever made. Greed was tied for 7th place on that list, with such critics as Andre Bazin, Lotte Eisner, Curtis Harrington, Penelope Houston and Gavin Lambert voting for it. [115] In 1962 it was tied for 4th on the same list. Since 1972 it has failed to reach a spot on the top ten. [114] The Cinémathèque royale de Belgique released a list of "the most important and misappreciated American films of all time" in 1978. Greed was third on its list after Citizen Kane and Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans. [114] In a University of Southern California list of the "50 Most Significant American Films" made by the school's Performing Arts Council, Greed was listed as number 21. [116] In 1991 Greed was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. 117] Among those who have praised Greed over the years are Sergei Eisenstein; 118] Joseph von Sternberg, who said, We were all influenced by Greed. 78] Jean Renoir, who called it "the film of films. 119] and Ernst Lubitsch, who called von Stroheim "the only true 'novelist' in films. [120] More recently Guillermo del Toro called it "a perfect reflection of the anxiety permeating the passage into the 20th century and the absolute dehumanization that was to come. 121] and Norbert Pfaffenbichler said that "the last shot of the movie is unforgettable. 122] American writer, filmmaker, philosopher and political activist, Susan Sontag named Greed as one of her favorite films. [123] Jonathan Rosenbaum has stated that Greed was a major influence on the style and content of many films. Stroheim's shots filming the sun predated Akira Kurosawa 's better-known uses of the technique in Rashomon (1950. Rosenbaum compared specific shot set-ups in Greed to shots in King Vidor 's The Crowd, Jean Renoir's Le Crime de Monsieur Lange, Orson Welles's The Magnificent Ambersons, Howard Hawks ' To Have and Have Not and Michelangelo Antonioni 's L'Avventura. In addition, he likened certain plot elements or characters in Greed to John Huston 's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) Alfred Hitchcock 's Rear Window (1954) Claude Chabrol 's Les Bonnes Femmes (1960) and Elaine May 's Mikey and Nicky (1975. Rosenbaum singled out Stroheim's influence on May, an American director, with Mikey and Nicky centering on the disintegration of a friendship over money and sex, and including grotesque elements and characters caught between innocence and corruption. Rosenbaum also asserts that Orson Welles' use of satirical caricatures in all of his films is in "the spirit of von Stroheim. 124] The two films most commonly compared to Greed are Huston's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and Welles' The Magnificent Ambersons. Rosenbaum believes that besides Huston's film ending with gold being lost in the desert and similarities between Trina's descent into madness with Fred C. Dobbs own obsessions, the two films have little else in common. The Magnificent Ambersons and Greed both have characters who struggle with class differences that lead to their downfall. Ambersons was famously edited down drastically by its studio and the cut footage is now lost. Rosenbaum goes on to state that Greed influenced the methods in which novels are adapted into films and filmmakers like Welles, Huston and Bill Forsyth followed von Stroheim's example by re-arranging the plot and adding new scenes to their films while still remaining faithful to the intentions of the original novels. [125] The 1994 Jonathan Lynn film Greedy pays tribute to the film by giving the main characters the last name McTeague. [126] Attempts to reconstruct the uncut version of Greed without use of the lost footage first began in 1958. At the Brussels International Exposition, the Cinémathèque royale de Belgique named Greed as one of the twelve greatest films ever made and simultaneously published von Stroheim's original, uncut script for Greed, which came directly from von Stroheim's personal copy preserved by his widow Denise Vernac. [127] This publication led to three separate books that all used von Stroheim's script in order to reconstruct the original version of the film and compare it to the released version: a French book edited by Jacques-G. Perret in 1968 and two versions edited by Joel Finler and Herman G. Weinberg, both in 1972. Weinberg's book utilized 400 individual stills and production photos to reconstruct the uncut version of Greed, the first time that images from the uncut version were publicly available. [128] In 1999, Turner Entertainment (the film's current rights holder) decided to recreate, as closely as possible, the original version by combining the existing footage with over 650 still photographs of the lost scenes (many of which had been used in Weinberg's book. 129] in accordance with an original continuity outline written by von Stroheim. All materials were provided by the Margaret Herrick Library. [129] This restoration runs almost four hours. It was produced by film preservationist Rick Schmidlin and edited by Glenn Morgan. [130] 131] Schmidlin restored many characters and sub-plots from the original version. A new musical score was composed by Robert Israel. The reconstruction cost 100, 000 to produce. Schmidlin called the finished product "a reconstruction of Von Stroheim's lost narrative. 132] It premiered at the 1999 Telluride Film Festival and was later screened at the Venice Film Festival and the Pordenone Silent Film Festival before being aired on Turner Classic Movies on December 5, 1999. [133] Film critic Todd McCarthy called the restored version of Greed a triumph. [130] Roger Ebert called Greed a masterpiece and said that the restored Schmidlin cut illustrates the "prudish sensibilities [that] went into MGM's chop job. 93] Rosenbaum praised the project, but claimed it could only be considered a "study version. 134] The reconstruction won a special citation from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards. [135] Myths and misconceptions [ edit] Stroheim was known to exaggerate events from his life and create myths about himself, such as his fictitious aristocratic origins and military record in Austria. [136] He claimed that shortly after having moved to the US in the early 1910s, he had found a copy of McTeague in a motel in New York and had read it in one sitting. He also said that wanting to adapt the book inspired him to make a career in filmmaking. [83] Georges Sadoul later stated that Stroheim had first read the novel in 1914, while living in poverty in Los Angeles. [17] Claims that Stroheim's original cut was a completely unabridged version of McTeague are not accurate. Stroheim's 300-page script was almost as long as the original novel, but he rethought the entire story and invented new scenes, as well as extensively elaborating existing ones. [137] In the Norris novel, McTeague's back story in Placer County and relationships with his father, mother and Potter were remembered as a flashback and took two paragraphs. In Stroheim's original Greed, this sequence took up the first hour of the film and was not a flashback. [138] Stroheim also modernized the novel's time span to between 1908 and 1923, a quarter-century later than the novel. [137] Greed has sometimes been said to be over 100 reels long. Stroheim said that his initial edit was 42 reels, although several of the people who saw this cut remembered it as being anywhere from 42 to 47 reels. [139] Grant Whytock remembered the edited version that Stroheim initially sent to him as between 26 and 28 reels. [87] MGM's official studio files list the original cut of the film at 22 reels. [140] As recently as 1992, former MGM Story Editor Samuel Marx erroneously claimed that the original version of Greed was 70 reels. [141] June Mathis is credited with co-writing the script due to her work on the 10-reel version. Mathis was the head of the Story Department at MGM and her contract stipulated that she would receive writing credit for all MGM films. She did not actually write any part of the screenplay. [25] She is said to have changed its title from McTeague to Greed during post-production; 142] however, a publicity still of the cast and crew taken during production clearly indicates that it was titled Greed before the MGM merger even took place. [143] The film's working title was " Greedy Wives. a nod towards Stroheim's previous film Foolish Wives; this working title never was considered as the film's actual title. [12] The original version of Greed has been called the "holy grail" for film archivists. [21] Various reports of the original version being uncovered have proved to be unfounded. Among these "sightings" are a claim that a copy existed in a vault in South America that only was screened once a year for invited guests on New Year's Eve. Another claim was that a copy in the possession of a Texan millionaire was sold to Henri Langlois of Cinémathèque Française. Other claims include that a film society in Boston held a private screening of a print found by a World War II veteran in Berlin from a tip by Emil Jannings, that David Shepherd of the American Film Institute had found a copy at a garage sale, and that the head of a film society in Redwood City, California owned "the longest existing version of Greed (purchased in Europe. Stroheim himself once stated that Benito Mussolini owned a personal copy of the film. [144] Stroheim's son Joseph von Stroheim once claimed that when he was in the Army during World War II, he saw a version of the film that took two nights to fully screen, although he could not remember exactly how long it was. [145] There were also reports that MGM had retained a copy of the original version. Iris Barry of the Museum of Modern Art claimed that a copy was locked in the MGM vaults, although Thalberg denied it. It was also reported that John Houseman had a private screening at MGM and that MGM owned two copies stored in a vault in a Utah salt mine. [144] Lotte Eisner once claimed that in the 1950s and 1960s, several cans of films labeled "McTeague" were found in MGM's vaults and destroyed by executives who did not know that it was footage from Greed. [146] MGM executive Al Lewin said that several years after the film's release Stroheim asked him for the cut footage. Lewin and editor Margaret Booth searched MGM's vault but could not find any missing footage. [147] See also [ edit] List of fiction works made into feature films List of films cut over the director's opposition List of incomplete or partially lost films List of longest films Notes [ edit] Approximately 75, 000 in 2019 dollars according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. ^ It is traditional to discuss the length of theatrical motion pictures in terms of " reels. The standard length of a 35 mm motion picture reel is 1, 000 feet (300 meters. This length runs approximately 11 minutes at sound speed (24 frames per second) and slightly longer at silent film speed (which may vary from approximately 16 to 22 frames per second. Therefore the 42-reel version of Greed was 462 minutes (8 hours) at 24 fps, 551 minutes (9 hours) at 20 fps and longer at other speeds. ^ 264 minutes (4 hours and 20 minutes) at 24 fps and 315 minutes (5 hours and 15 minutes) at 20 fps. ^ 198 minutes (3 hours and 20 minutes) at 24 fps and 236 minutes (3 hours and 56 minutes) at 20 fps. ^ In a remarkably similar story, screen actor John Gilbert once told Mayer that his own mother was a whore and Mayer allegedly chased him with a knife. [90] 110 minutes (1 hour and 50 minutes) at 24 fps. References [ edit] Citations [ edit] a b Weinberg 1972, pp. 17–18. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 187–188. ^ a b Koszarski 1983, p. 327. ^ Finler 1972, p. 7. ^ a b Lennig 2000, p. 188. ^ a b c Lennig 2000, p. 186. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 25–58. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 122. ^ Wakeman 1987, p. 1073; Lennig 2000, p. 188. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 114. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 189–190. ^ a b Koszarski 1983, p. 116. ^ a b Lennig 2000, p. 189. ^ a b c d e Lennig 2000, p. 190. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 31. ^ Koszarski 1983, pp. 116–117. ^ a b Rosenbaum 1993, p. 20. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 8–9. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 2. ^ a b c Lennig 2000, p. 217. ^ a b c d e Wakeman 1987, p. 1074. ^ Curtiss 1971, p. 164; Koszarski 1983, p. 122. ^ Koszarski 1983, pp. 156–159. ^ a b c d Finler 1972, p. 29. ^ a b Finler 1972, p. 16. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 16. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 124. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 127. ^ a b Finler 1972, pp. 17–18. ^ Curtiss 1971, p. 165. ^ Finler 1972, p. 17; Koszarski 1983, p. 119; Wakeman 1987, p. 1074. ^ Finler 1972, pp. 22–23. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 119. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 122. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 135. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, pp. 21, 37. ^ Finler 1972, p. 27. ^ a b Koszarski 1983, p. 129. ^ Finler 1968, p. 52. ^ a b c d e f Finler 1972, p. 18. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 136. ^ View Data. National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2012. ^ a b Finler 1972, p. 23. ^ a b Finler 1972, p. 24. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 81. ^ Curtiss 1971, p. 173. ^ Koszarski 1983, pp. 138–139. ^ Finler 1972, p. 26. ^ a b Koszarski 1983, p. 140. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 215. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 219. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 76, 202. ^ Finler 1972, p. 26; Lennig 2000, p. 77. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 206. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 134. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 77. ^ Weinberg 1972, p. 21. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 75–76, 202. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 142. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 22. ^ a b Lennig 2000, p. 187. ^ Wakeman 1987, p. 1073. ^ a b Koszarski 1983, p. 118. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, pp. 16-18. ^ a b Lennig 2000, pp. 195–196. ^ a b Lennig 2000, p. 198. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 214. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 198, 200. ^ Finler 1968, pp. 31, 38. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 87–88. ^ Lennig 2000, pp. 204–206. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 211. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 95. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 91. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 90. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 193. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 194. ^ a b Weinberg 1972, p. 15. ^ Finler 1972, p. 29; Koszarski 1983, p. 326. ^ a b c d e Koszarski 1983, p. 147. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 41. ^ a b Weinberg 1972, p. 13. ^ a b Finler 1972, p. 14. ^ a b c d e f Koszarski 1983, p. 141. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 29. ^ a b Koszarski 1983, p. 144. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 143. ^ a b Finler 1972, p. 28. ^ Koszarski 1983, pp. 142–143. ^ Flamini 1994, pp. 85-86. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 38. ^ Curtiss 1971, p. 178. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (December 12, 1999. Greed (1925. Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago: Sun-Times Media Group. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2010. ^ Unterburger, Amy L. Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (1999. The St. James Women Filmmakers Encyclopedia: Women on the Other Side of the Camera. Visible Ink Press. p.  270. ISBN   1-57859-092-2. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 145. ^ Koszarski 1983, pp. 144–145. ^ Ward Mahar, Karen (2006. Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood. JHU Press. p.  200. ISBN   0-8018-8436-5. ^ Finler 1972, p. 11. ^ a b Finler 1972, p. 12. ^ a b Vieira 2010, p. 47. ^ Finler 1972, pp. 19–20. ^ Curtiss 1971, p. 181. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 146. ^ Finler 1972, p. 31. ^ a b Lennig 2000, p. 218. ^ Finler 1972, p. 32. ^ Hall, Mordaunt (December 5, 1924. Greed (1924. The New York Times. New York City: The New York Times Company. Retrieved January 19, 2013. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 36... Greed' Impresses as Powerful Film. The Gazette. Montreal: Postmedia Network. April 20, 1925. Retrieved January 16, 2013. ^ Vieira 2010, p. 48. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 173. ^ Finler 1972, p. 10. ^ a b Weinberg 1972, p. 18. ^ a b c Koszarski 1983, p. 148. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 50. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 51. ^ National Film Registry. Library of Congress. National Film Preservation Board. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012. ^ Weinberg 1972, p. 10. ^ Weinberg 1972, p. 16. ^ Weinberg 1972, p. 17. ^ Guillermo del Toro. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014. ^ Norbert Pfaffenbichler. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014. ^ Susan Sontag's 50 Favorite Films (and Her Own Cinematic Creations. Open Culture. December 4, 2012. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, pp. 52–58. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, pp. 58-59. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 4, 1994. Greedy. Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2013. ^ Finler 1972, p. 6; Weinberg 1972, p. 15. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, pp. 25–26. ^ a b Rosenbaum, Jonathan (November 26, 1999. Fables of the Reconstruction: The 4-Hour GREED. The Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2014. ^ a b McCarthy, Todd (September 7, 1999. Review: Greed. Variety. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014. ^ Steffen, James. "Greed. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved September 9, 2012. ^ Restored 'Greed' Comes To Turner Classic Movies. The Seattle Times. December 5, 1999. Retrieved March 28, 2014. ^ Mills, Michael (1999. Resurrection on Polk Street. Greed~ Von Stroheim's Silent Movie Classic. Archived from the original on April 11, 2000. Retrieved September 22, 2016. ^ 2013 Greater St. Louis Humanities Festival — Greed Screening. Mississippi Humanities Council. April 6, 2013. Rosenbaum asserts this around 43 minutes in. Retrieved January 22, 2016 – via YouTube. ^ 25th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards. The Los Angeles Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014. ^ Lennig 2000, p. xii. ^ a b Lennig 2000, p. 191. ^ Lennig 2000, p. 192. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 24. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 25. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, p. 10. ^ Weinberg 1972, p. 41. ^ Weinberg 1972, p. 30. ^ a b Weinberg 1972, p. 9. ^ Koszarski 1983, p. 149. ^ Rosenbaum 1993, pp. 38–39. ^ Flamini 1994, p. 56. Bibliography [ edit] Curtiss, Thomas Quinn (1971. Von Stroheim. New York, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN   978-0-374-28520-3. Finler, Joel W. (1972. Greed. A Film. New York: Lorrimer Publishing Ltd. ISBN   978-0-900855-45-0. Finler, Joel W. (1968. Stroheim. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ASIN   B003G8IMK8. Flamini, Roland (1994. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M. New York: Crown Publisher, Inc. ISBN   0-517-58640-1. Koszarski, Richard (1983. The Man You Loved to Hate: Erich von Stroheim and Hollywood. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-503239-0. Lennig, Arthur (2000. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN   978-0-8131-2138-3. Rosenbaum, Jonathan (1993. London: BFI Publishing. ISBN   978-0-85170-358-9. Vieira, Mark A. (2010. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-26048-1. Wakeman, John (1987. World Film Directors, Volume 1. New York: The H. Wilson Company. ISBN   978-0-8242-0757-1. Weinberg, Herman G. The Complete Greed of Erich Von Stroheim: a reconstruction of the film in 348 still photos following the original screenplay plus 52 production stills. New York: ARNO Press. ISBN   978-0-405-03925-6. External links [ edit] Greed on IMDb Greed at the TCM Movie Database Greed at AllMovie Greed at Rotten Tomatoes Greed on iTunes Greed is available for free download at the Internet Archive (130 min) Zasu Pitts oriented lobby poster.

Ramsey police are idiots, to busy giving out small traffic tickets instead of stopping real crime. R, 126 min Crime, Drama 56 Metascore A young and impatient stockbroker is willing to do anything to get to the top, including trading on illegal inside information taken through a ruthless and greedy corporate raider who takes the youth under his wing. Director: Oliver Stone Stars: Charlie Sheen, Michael Douglas, Tamara Tunie, Franklin Cover Votes: 137, 573, Gross: 43. 85M 178 min 73 A tale of greed, deception, money, power, and murder occur between two best friends: a mafia enforcer and a casino executive, compete against each other over a gambling empire, and over a fast living and fast loving socialite. Martin Scorsese Robert De Niro, Sharon Stone, Joe Pesci, James Woods 433, 648 42. 44M PG-13 141 min Biography, Crime, Drama 75 A seasoned FBI agent pursues Frank Abagnale Jr. who, before his 19th birthday, successfully forged millions of dollars' worth of checks while posing as a Pan Am pilot, a doctor, and a legal prosecutor. Steven Spielberg Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hanks, Christopher Walken, Martin Sheen 759, 482 164. 62M 146 min 90 The story of Henry Hill and his life in the mob, covering his relationship with his wife Karen Hill and his mob partners Jimmy Conway and Tommy DeVito in the Italian-American crime syndicate. Ray Liotta, Lorraine Bracco 950, 973 46. 84M 101 min Comedy, Crime, Drama 64 A wealthy New York City investment banking executive, Patrick Bateman, hides his alternate psychopathic ego from his co-workers and friends as he delves deeper into his violent, hedonistic fantasies. Mary Harron Christian Bale, Justin Theroux, Josh Lucas, Bill Sage 452, 280 15. 07M 109 min Biography, Drama, Thriller 52 A chilling vision of the House of Saddam Hussein comes to life through the eyes of the man who was forced to become the double of Hussein's sadistic son. Lee Tamahori Dominic Cooper, Ludivine Sagnier, Raad Rawi, Philip Quast 59, 001 1. 36M 130 min Biography, Comedy, Drama 81 In 2006-2007 a group of investors bet against the US mortgage market. In their research they discover how flawed and corrupt the market is. Adam McKay Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Brad Pitt 328, 422 70. 26M 115 min Biography, Drama, History 66 The story of Ray Kroc, a salesman who turned two brothers' innovative fast food eatery, McDonald's, into the biggest restaurant business in the world, with a combination of ambition, persistence, and ruthlessness. John Lee Hancock Michael Keaton, Nick Offerman, John Carroll Lynch, Linda Cardellini 106, 920 12. 79M 107 min Comedy, Crime A botched card game in London triggers four friends, thugs, weed-growers, hard gangsters, loan sharks and debt collectors to collide with each other in a series of unexpected events, all for the sake of weed, cash and two antique shotguns. Guy Ritchie Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher, Nick Moran, Jason Statham 507, 868 3. 90M.

American greed free movie. Greed is only good if you want the right things. In other words not on material wealth but on developing yourself into the best that you can be to improve the lives of others. Gordons words are correct but very misguided. In the 1987 movie  Wall Street, Michael Douglas as Gordon Gekko gave an insightful speech where he said, Greed, for lack of a better word, is good. He went on to make the point that greed is a clean drive that "captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit. Greed, in all of its forms; greed for life, for money, for love, knowledge has marked the upward surge of mankind. " He then compared the United States to a "malfunctioning corporation" that greed could still save. His next point said, America has become a second-rate power. Its trade deficit and its  fiscal deficit  are at nightmare proportions. " Both of these points are truer now than in the 1980s. First the European Union (in 2007) and then China (in 2014) surpassed the United States as the world's largest economy.  The U. S. debt is now larger than the country's entire economic output. The trade deficit has only gotten worse in the last twenty-five years. Greed Is Bad Is greed bad? Can you trace the  financial crisis of 2008  back to the greed of Michael Milkin, Ivan Boesky, and Carl Icahn? These are the Wall Street traders upon whom the movie was based. Greed causes the inevitable  irrational exuberance  that creates  asset bubbles. Then still more greed blinds investors to the warning signs of collapse. In 2005, they ignored the inverted yield curve  that signaled a  recession. That's certainly true of the 2008 financial crisis when traders created, bought and sold sophisticated derivative s. The most damaging were  mortgage-backed securities. They were based on underlying real mortgages. They were guaranteed by an insurance derivative called a  credit default swap. These worked great until 2006. That's when housing prices started falling. The Fed had started increasing interest rates in 2004. Mortgage holders soon owed more than they could sell the house for. They defaulted. As a result, no one knew the value of the mortgage-backed securities. Companies like AIG that wrote the credit default swaps ran out of cash. The Federal Reserve and the U. Treasury Department had to bail out AIG, along with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the major banks. Greed Is Good Or is greed, as Gordon Gekko pointed out, good? Perhaps, if the first caveman didn't greedily want cooked meat and a warm cave, he never would have bothered to figure out how to start a fire. Perhaps Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek were right. They claim that the  free market  forces if left to themselves without government interference, unleashes the good qualities of greed.  Capitalism itself is also based on a healthy form of greed. Could  Wall Street, the center of American capitalism, function without greed? Probably not, since it depends on the profit motive. The banks,  hedge funds  and  securities  traders that drive the American financial system buy and sell  stocks. The prices depend on the underlying earnings, which is another word for profit. Without profit, there is no stock market, no Wall Street and no financial system. Greed Is Good in History In 1982, Reagan  deregulated  banking. It led to the savings and loan crisis of 1989.  He deregulated the airline industry, creating today's low-cost and low-comfort airline industry. In all, he reduced regulations at a slower pace than the Carter administration. Reagan also used Keynesian economics to end the recession of 1981. He doubled the  national debt. During his terms, government spending  increased  2. 5 percent annually. Reagan expanded Medicare. He also increased the payroll tax to ensure the solvency of  Social Security. President Herbert Hoover also believed greed was good. He resisted intervening to stop the Great Depression. He worried that economic assistance would make people stop working. He wanted the market to work itself out after the  1929 stock market crash. Even after Congress pressured Hoover to take action, he would only help businesses. He believed their prosperity would  trickle down  to the average person. Despite his desire for a balanced budget, Hoover added 6 billion to the debt. Why hasn't the "Greed is good" philosophy worked in real life? The United States has never had a truly free market. The government has always intervened through its spending and tax policies. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton imposed tariffs and taxes to pay for debt incurred from the Revolutionary War. It incurred debt to pay for the War of 1812 and the Civil War. Even at such a minimal level, the government restricted the free market by taxing some goods and not others. We may never know if greed, left to its own devices, could truly bring about good.

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